Monday, December 23, 2019

The Male Gender as a Performance in Beer Advertisements Essay

Aaron Devor in, â€Å"Becoming Members of Society: Learning the Social Meanings of Gender,† argues that gender is a performance. He supports his argument by recognizing how society rewards, tolerates or punishes conformity to or divergence from social norms (widely accepted behaviors set by society). If a male fails to fall into his expected characterization of dominance and aggression or a female fails to act out in passivity and submission, they are at high risk of societal punishment. Michael Messner and Jeffrey Montez de Oca explain that contemporary beer ads represent a desirable male lifestyle to reaffirm masculinity in a time when men are insecure. Their essay, â€Å"The Male Consumer as a Loser: Beer and Liquor Ads in Mega Sports Media†¦show more content†¦As they develop concepts of themselves as individuals they do so while observing themselves as reflected in the eyes of others. (Devor 142) Messner and Montez de Oca’s essay informs the reader of a four dominant gender themes. Two of the gender themes are losers and buddies. The â€Å"Loser† is a loner, a male who can’t or chooses to not follow the generally accepted ways of man-hood. The other theme, the â€Å"Buddies,† is the group in which a man lives in the safety of a male group who share a similar dominant masculine status (411). By comparing members of the â€Å"Losers† group and the â€Å"Buddies† group, we can conclude that because of the Losers’ inability to follow the socially accepted behaviors of males and man-hood, they are denied and often the object of public humiliation by both women and other men. One study, of which is a topic of Devor’s essay, used school aged children who were given dolls and asked to identify their gender (141). These children used clues such as hair length and clothing style to determine the gender of the doll instead of noti ceable anatomical clues. From this study we can see an expectation, set by society, on dress or accessorizing of a certain gender. Messner and Montez de Oca show what this expectation leads to in their essay. As boys develop into teens they start to learn more about the humanShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Alcohol On Social Influences Within Health And Well Being1317 Words   |  6 Pages I choose the Theory of Planned Behaviour Model. The Theory of Planned Behaviour was created by Ajzen and Fishbein in 1974. Ajzen (1985) first defined intention as an attempt to perform a certain behaviour rather than with regard to the actual performance. Although alcohol may be beneficial to your health, however this is only if it is consumed in very small amounts. Those who are aged 18-35 are categorised with higher prevalence of alcohol use. The Theory of Planned Behaviour is based around threeRead MoreGender Roles Are A Conception Of Femininity And Masculinity Essay1157 Words   |  5 PagesWomen in Advertisements Gender roles are a conception of femininity and masculinity. 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Sunday, December 15, 2019

Reaching Adulthood Completing Human Developmental Stages Free Essays

The human development is a very complex yet fascinating part of our lives. We look back at the point we first remembered how young we were, the things we did that were so different from the things we do today. More often than not, we take for granted the stages where significant amount of changes that shaped us took place. We will write a custom essay sample on Reaching Adulthood: Completing Human Developmental Stages or any similar topic only for you Order Now Our infancy and pre-school years show much of our earlier attitudes and behaviors which became cemented as we grow older. Our environment played such a significant role in making us the way we are today. As I have mentioned in the first project, we understand our being a male or a female when we realize the roles and activities attached to one’s gender. Even our parents dictate how we should act or what toy to play and we get punished by disobeying them. And at this stage we develop a concept of what makes us happy or sad, we can adapt to our environment and we avoid doing things that would result to an unfavorable consequence. These things we undergo during our earlier years further have an effect on the next stage of our lives. What we liked to do, how well we can adapt to other people, how we behave or act upon exposure to a stimulus etc. continue in our middle childhood and adolescence years. The middle childhood prepares us for what we will face in our adolescence years, the same way our infancy and pre-school years prepared us for the later years. During our middle childhood and adolescence, we are thrust into a great deal of changes, whether mentally, physically, socially and emotionally. We like to be independent and to go out of the familial circle that surrounded us when we were young. In my experience, it was this time when I started making friends in school and in my neighborhood. I could also face other people who were not my age. This stage marks the awakening of cognitive and emotional aspects of one person. We learn to judge the people around us, to be curious of the things which we cannot easily understand, to feel different emotions that seemed so new. The countless and various experiences we undergo during this stage further hone, change, influence or impact the way we are. They make our personality unique, mold our behavior and attitudes and develop our skills. Everything we have learned we apply to our present lives. Our infancy and pre-school years show much of our earlier attitudes and behaviors which became cemented as we grow older. Our environment played such a significant role in making us the way we are today. As I have mentioned in the first project, we understand our being a male or a female when we realize the roles and activities attached to one’s gender. Even our parents dictate how we should act or what toy to play and we get punished by disobeying them. And at this stage we develop a concept of what makes us happy or sad, we can adapt to our environment and we avoid doing things that would result to an unfavorable consequence. These things we undergo during our earlier years further have an effect on the next stage of our lives. What we liked to do, how well we can adapt to other people, how we behave or act upon exposure to a stimulus etc. continue in our middle childhood and adolescence years. The middle childhood prepares us for what we will face in our adolescence years, the same way our infancy and pre-school years prepared us for the later years. During our middle childhood and adolescence, we are thrust into a great deal of changes, whether mentally, physically, socially and emotionally. We like to be independent and to go out of the familial circle that surrounded us when we were young. In my experience, it was this time when I started making friends in school and in my neighborhood. I could also face other people who were not my age. This stage marks the awakening of cognitive and emotional aspects of one person. We learn to judge the people around us, to be curious of the things which we cannot easily understand, to feel different emotions that seemed so new and to try things which pique our curiosity. My interview’s particular experience shows this. He started using prohibited drugs during his adolescence. This kind of deed roots from many factors such as family problems, inferiority complex or social dilemma. Dale says that all of his family’s attention was on his younger sister, Mikaela. No matter how much good he does, his family doesn’t seem to notice. So what he did was involve himself in things that would get him into trouble, if only to get his parents’ attention. The countless and various experiences we undergo during this stage further hone, change, influence or impact the way we are. They make our personality unique, mold our behavior and attitudes and develop our skills. Everything we have learned we apply to our present lives. Changes and phenomenon in middle childhood, as noted in my first project, are stepping stones for the adolescence; changes and phenomenon in adolescence, as noted in my second project, are preparation for adulthood. Adulthood Adulthood is a hazardous and difficult journey for many people to take, and not just a destination of security and safety that we reach once and for all. It is a reference point from which other life stages are judged. The experiences which became imprinted in our memories and the self beliefs and social standards that we have molded within ourselves affect us in our present actions and how we see ourselves. But, these beliefs and standards change when we are exposed to different stimuli or situation. At this stage, I can already foresee my own future, in what is called self-schema. These are the templates of our future, and they tell us what we can be after several years, what our career would be etc. Still, I ask myself, what will I be really in the next years? Since I would not be able to answer this question, I have interviewed Emelita Sacra, a 49-year-old single mother and currently taking over as line leader and quality control officer in a garment corporation. She was separated from her husband, but she manages to raise her daughter well. Emelita used to dream of finishing just high school, since her family’s source of livelihood is barely enough for the 11 members of the family. She studied hard and eventually earned a scholarship, her ticket to college. But her dream faded when she chose to help her parents in meeting the family’s needs.   She was able to send two of her siblings to college, and that was enough for her even if she had sacrificed her own dream. This shows that what she desperately wanted before was put aside by the emergence of a more important situation. She said that though there were many events in her life which affected her, only few values and interests changed. Some of which were the earthly things she wanted before, such as clothes, cosmetics and leisure moments. But now, these things became unimportant because her daughter became her priority. Her situation now is a far cry from her situation before. Now that her daughter is in college, she has to work hard and limit the luxuries of life. Every spare time was spent doing extra works to be able to provide for her only child. When she was a teenager, all that mattered was helping her family to earn money and send the children to school. Now, what matters is raising her daughter well and providing her education. This attitude is better explained by Jean Piaget’s generativity, wherein Emelita thinks of the future of her daughter instead of her own life. Emelita says that the values she learned from her younger years didn’t change much. As to the moral aspect, nothing changed, but some things were added. She instilled to her daughter the moral values her parents taught her. Basically, when we reach the adulthood stage, as I viewed my interviewee, there are changes in our self concept. For example, we might have low self efficacy before, which is our competence in accomplishing things. But because we have gone through many things, and we were able to endure the pains and dilemmas of life, we have increased our self efficacy considering the fact that we are older than before, we could handle and do things better now. Another example of self concept that had changed during our adulthood years is the self awareness. Adults tend to be more focused and are aware of their responsibilities at their age. For example, my interviewee became aware of her role as a mother and father solely to her daughter. Aside from that, she also became aware of her priorities in the present time compared before. At this point in life, most people have grown matured, as to how they should act, how they should be, and what they should do. Generally, lots of things have made their contribution to each of stages in life. Some factors that might affect each life stage are inherent and gene factor. Biologically speaking, this could really happen, such that our behavior and character could be attributed to the innate potentials of ourselves. However, we could not deny the fact that the environment that we are living in has contributed big changes not only in our lives, but more specifically, in ourselves. Those external factors are the ones we experience during our infancy stage to childhood, then adolescence stage, and lastly adulthood stage. The events in our everyday lives have impacts such that, we are not aware that those events molded us into what are now, and what we are going to be in the near future. Thus, the human development is a very vicious path, if we are going to consider all the details. Yet, we could say that human development is like a metamorphose process of butterfly. The only difference is that, the butterfly would surely fly if it comes out from the pupae, but each of us has no assurance if we can soar high in our lives. REFERENCES Boeree, G. Personality Theories. (NO DATE). Erik Erikson, 1902 – 1994. Retrieved August   29, 2007 from the World Wide Web: http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/erikson.html James, W. The Principles of Psychology. Retrieved August 29, 2007 from the World Wide Web: http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/James/Principles/prin10.htm Lerner, R. Concepts and Theories of Human Development. Retrieved August 29, 2007 from the site of UAH Library on World Wide Web: http://libdblist.uah.edu/browse.php?list=Psource_id=17 Myers, D. Exploring Social Psychology. 3rd ed. November 2003. McGraw-Hill Companies. How to cite Reaching Adulthood: Completing Human Developmental Stages, Papers

Saturday, December 7, 2019

Issues in International Business Mutual Language and Social Norms

Question: Discuss about theIssues in International Businessfor Mutual Language and Social Norm. Answer: Introduction: The planet is full of cultural diversity and several individual tends to live in his or her own cultural limits. Every individual has his or her own cultural customs and ethics that influence their thought process. Each cultural group usually share a mutual language, social norms and culture influencing their beliefs, attitudes, feelings and feastings. Cross-cultural marketing can be defined as the strategic process of marketing amongst the customers whose culture is different from that of the marketers own culture. Cross-cultural marketing takes the advantage of traditional groups, which is different from the cultural norms to communicate and convince the audience (Ang Van, 2015). Instances of fundamental cultural aspects illustrates the education, religion, fiscal systems, business customs and laws. The current report is based on the study of Japanese economy and culture, which discovers the Japanese style of business negotiations to better understand their process of expanding bu siness. Rationale for the Choice of Country: As per Barlett et al., (2014) Japanese customs and culture is highly influenced by China. It is observed that Japanese have overcame extraordinary understanding under various aspects of their political, economic, technological and cultural dimensions. Japanese are in pursuit of excellence towards materiality in society. Japanese have a high regard for individual achievements and largely have faith in humanism. The speciality of individual are considered as a vital cultural possession, which is encouraged by the government. They highly endorse technology and skills without shutting down themselves from others. Accordingly, they are innovative based on the tradition as they are highly impacted by Chinese and western culture. Japanese thoughtfully adapt themselves to the creation of rising trend while continuously and concurrently learning new ideas and things. They often combine the rising trend with their traditional culture and form a hybrid culture. The economy of Japan is highly developed and its GDP per capital has exceeded by thirty thousand US dollars. The total amount of GDP computed is based on the international exchange rate in the world. Meanwhile, Japan is ranked as the fourth largest country in terms of export country and is ranked sixth largest in terms of import country. After the World War II several questions were raised regarding the economic stability of Japan, however Japan had put forward huge effort with innovative technology and technical expertise leading to economic turnaround, which forms a worthy of deep researching. As stated by Bochner, (2013) Japanese investors operates their business under conservative environment. They do not anticipate making reinvestment to gain higher profits but hoping to grow their company in a stable environment. Detailed Cultural Analysis of Host Country: As Per Boer Fischer, (2013) Japan is regarded as the 4th largest economy as of 2011. The gross national income per capita of Japan represents USD 45,180. Huge advancements have been made in the technology with high-income populations and superior imports Japan is currently one of the most profitable marketplaces in the world. However, many businesses have been unsuccessful to make use of the creative market due to poor interpretation of the corporate standards. These corporate rules are usually termed as their culture and to make a successful use of the business prevailing openings in Japan, one must understand that it is not the Japanese culture, which stands in the way rather it, is the individual poor ability to judge the Japanese culture (Lckenhoff et al., 2015). Japanese systems involve high product of efforts in preserving harmony, as harmony forms the centrepiece revolving the life and business environment. Japanese put up their efforts in sustaining the harmony, which forms the hierarchical construction of group behaviour and social welfare. A better understanding of the Japanese culture can disclose the unknown myth of Japanese business and concurrently business forms the better understanding of the Japanese culture leading to successful corporate venture in Japan. Several companies such as BMW, Channel and Tiffany have been able to earn huge return from Japan; this is because of the superior understanding of the Japanese Business Culture. Westerners have continuously raised queries regarding successful business practices and methodology. It should be noted that Japanese does take long time in framing decision and use indirect method of communications, as they still have been fruitful in several busyness areas (Johnson Grier, 2013). The answer lies in observation. This is because western business firms have been ignorant towards the culture of Japan and they are unable to notice the Japanese business practice, which is hostile, but rather involve their perception towards business practice. Japan is regarded as the tech nological front-runner and its economic asset is a pointer of its business success. Several companies have expressed their desire of expanding their business whereas countless have been unsuccessful and their disappointment has put many economic strategies on hold. Several entrepreneurs have expressed dissatisfaction over the business practices of Japan, which is not suitable to the overall commercial practices that are prevalent in western countries. The process of decision-making is unclear and consumes a large number of time in reaching decision; this is time consuming for any business to wait. In addition to this, one of the common dissatisfaction raised regarding the business practices of Japan is the vagueness of their responses (Kapur Janakiram, 2015). In an astonishing manner, several businesses like BMW, Chanel, Tiffany Co. On the other hand, similar other MNCs have attained accomplishment in Japan by understanding the business culture of Japan right from its origins. These companies are not only aware of the Japanese culture but also understand the speci fic cultural aspects, which correspond with the business behaviour. With Japans technical progression and innovative approach, they can play a vital role developing the forthcoming future of several western businesses viewing the prospect to develop and expand. Elasticity and acceptance of the host country culture of work is vital to fruitful commercial endeavours. To operate under the Japanese business culture one need to have an in depth understanding of the Japanese culture where the values are incorporated within everyone. Highlight of Business Culture of Host Country (Japan) and its Difference with (Singapore): In the modern world, countries that offer a strong platform for international trade and commerce gains huge favours from investors as this helps in flourishing business. Several key factors such as legal and regulatory environment, steady government structure, topographical location, accessibility of high quality workers, open trade environment, tax system and general business environment are considered as the most important in forming investment decisions (Koeda et al., 2013). The study compares the dominion of Singapore and Japan along with the above-mentioned factors that takes into the account their rankings in various international surveys and business indices. Singapore is ranked number one in the world bank 2011 ease of doing business report for a fifth year in a row which reiterates its higher degree of business friendliness. However, Japans 18th position reflects that its regulatory environment is less favourable in commencement and operation of local firm. The process of company registration in Singapore can be achieved in a record time of 24 hours as it involves easy process of approval and submission of incorporation documents (Rallapalli Montgomery, 2015). On the other hand, incorporating company in Japan can take up as long as 23 days time. The World Bank placed Singapore at number four for starting a business and placed 2nd position for investor relations. Furthermore, Singapore was ranked first in conducting across the border trade and placed 4th position for taxes. In contrast, Japan was ranked at 98th position commencing business, with number 16 for protecting investors. Meanwhile, Japan was placed at 112th position for paying tax and 24th for conducting across the border trade. The results from 2015 best countries result represents that Singapore is the ranked eighth best country in the world as a business destination while Japan is ranked at 26th position (Marsella Pedersen, 2013). Singapore is placed highest because of hig h level of trade freedom and lack of red tape whereas Japan was ranked at 68th position. Singapore is considered as the second fastest economy in the world where as Japan is ranked at 20th position. The world of economic forum reported that the Singapore is ranked at number at 1 position for openness to trade among 125 countries while Japan was ranked at 25th position. According to reports, Japan is considered as one of the most domestically protected market with highly complex schedule of Tariff. This limits the openness to foreign participation with restricted rules of FDI and burdensome customs procedures (Johnson, Grier, 2013). In contrast to this, Singapore scored number 1 position local and overseas marketplace access with highly efficient tax management, effective importation and export measures with supervisory environment and superiority of transportation services. Hofstede Cultural Dimensions: Hofstede theory of cultural dimensions is understood as the context for cross-cultural communications, which is established by Geert Hofstede. It labels the effort, which effects the societys culture on the standards of its memberships and how these morals relate to the behaviour by using the structure generated from factor analysis. The magnitudes of Hofstede culture are useful in the context of the international marketing as it lays down the nationwide values not only in context of the business but also in general. Moran et al., (2013) has studied the relevance of Hofstedes theory in discovering the international branding, marketing strategy and consumer behaviour. According to this model, several companies have tried to familiarize their goods and services to domestic consumer behaviours and preference to better understand the specificity of their market. Japanese citizens are well prepared regarding the culture and customs of the country where they want to do business and adapt their own actions to meet the local requirement. Japan demands understanding the cultural values to perform the Japaneses way of doing business. It is noteworthy to denote that Japan imports 60% of its caloric needs. Japan is vastly reliant on the importations for petroleum and raw supplies. An economy, which as big a Japan with high requirement of raw ingredients it, offers business with opening to develop a trusted partnership for supply of raw materials (Hofstede, 2013). Advancement in technology would lead to production of huge number of final goods produced within the country, which can work as raw material for Japan in their high tech. Japanese culture of young consumer reflects that individuals stick together in groups according to their age and communal status. The youth of Japan is the highest spender in the entire demographics and the assembly of groups represents that if one spends the other will spend as well. This generates an environment of striking marketplace sections for any corporations (Thomas Peterson, 2014). Any company setting its processes in Japan and retailing their products to youth will understand what appeals the youth specific needs and what appeals irrelevant. Cross-cultural marketing aspects involve strategic procedure of marketing among the consumers consisting of cultural differences from that of the marketers own culture. Japanese spending is constrained by the consumer expenditure which evidently amplified by 2.3% in comparison to the western customers. This represents that exploration of the Japanese market can be productive enterprise. However, depression remains the major worry in European economy but Japan overcame its depression in February 2012 as the core consumer price index increased by 0.1% in February over the last year. Conclusion: To conclude with, Japanese cultural factors are significant in building and maintaining business relationships with entrepreneurs. It is noteworthy to denote that Japanese are aware of the reciprocity and overseas company having business operations in japan must have the willingness to understand the culture of Japan in depth. One must note that international interpersonal relationships form the key element of conducting business in Japan. Trust does not remain dependent upon the written agreement but are recognized with interpersonal relationships defining the long-term approach including the obligation to large run business relationships. This is regarded as indispensable component of doing business in Japan. The overall study of Japanese economy and culture provided an in-depth exploration of the Japanese style of business to better understand their process of expanding business. Japanese business practice is hostile but rather involve their perception hierarchical structure of gr oup behaviour and social welfare. Reference List: Ang, S., Van Dyne, L. (2015).Handbook of cultural intelligence. Routledge. Bakir, A., Blodgett, J. G., Vitell, S. J., Rose, G. M. (2015). A preliminary investigation of the reliability and validity of Hofstedes cross cultural dimensions. InProceedings of the 2000 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 226-232). Springer International Publishing. Barlett, C. P., Gentile, D. A., Anderson, C. A., Suzuki, K., Sakamoto, A., Yamaoka, A., Katsura, R. (2014). Cross-Cultural Differences in Cyberbullying Behavior A Short-Term Longitudinal Study.Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology,45(2), 300-313. Bochner, S. (Ed.). (2013).Cultures in contact: Studies in cross-cultural interaction(Vol. 1). Elsevier. Boer, D., Fischer, R. (2013). How and when do personal values guide our attitudes and sociality? Explaining cross-cultural variability in attitudevalue linkages.Psychological Bulletin,139(5), 1113. De Mooij, M. (2013).Global marketing and advertising: Understanding cultural paradoxes. Sage Publications. Hofstede, G. (2013). Hofstede cultural dimensions theory. Johnson, G. D., Grier, S. A. (2013). Understanding the influence of cross-cultural Consumer-to-Consumer Interaction on consumer service satisfaction.Journal of Business Research,66(3), 306-313 Kapur, N., Janakiram, B. (2015). Comparative Analysis Of Corporate Cross Cultural Management In It Vs Non It Organizations.CrossCultural Management Journal, (8), 99-114. Koeda, M., Belin, P., Hama, T., Masuda, T., Matsuura, M., Okubo, Y. (2013). Cross-cultural differences in the processing of non-verbal affective vocalizations by Japanese and Canadian listeners. Lckenhoff, C. E., Lee, D. S., Buckner, K. M., Moreira, R. O., Martinez, S. J., Sun, M. Q. (2015). Cross-Cultural Differences in Attitudes About Aging: Moving Beyond the East-West Dichotomy. InSuccessful Aging(pp. 321-337). Springer Netherlands. Marsella, A. J., Pedersen, P. B. (Eds.). (2013).Cross-Cultural Counseling and Psychotherapy: Pergamon General Psychology Series(Vol. 93). Elsevier. Minkov, M., Hofstede, G. (2012).Cross-cultural analysis: the science and art of comparing the world's modern societies and their cultures. Sage Moran, R. T., Abramson, N. R., Moran, S. V. (2014).Managing cultural differences. Routledge. Rallapalli, K. C., Montgomery, C. D. (2015). Marketing Strategies For Asian-Americans: Guidelines Based on Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions. InMinority Marketing: Research Perspectives for the 1990s(pp. 73-77). Springer International Publishing. Thomas, D. C., Peterson, M. F. (2014).Cross-cultural management: Essential concepts. Sage Publications.